Cortex

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Cortex is a family of specialized ARM [microarchitectures designed by ARM for various edge market such as embedded and mobile. The Cortex family succeed Arm's classic cores with more specialized cores with highly targeted requirements

Overview

Cortex is a family of ARM cores that address a broad set of markets. First announced in 2004, Cortex cores have replaced Arm's classic cores with more market-specific variations. Cortex can be broadly categorized into three types of workloads: Applications, Real-time, Microcontroller (A.R.M).

  • Cortex-A - Application processors. Designed for fully capable computers, running typical operating systems (Android, Windows, Linux, iOS). Those processors are found in anything from smartphones to tablets and laptops.
  • Cortex-X - Application processors. Slightly enhanced version of the Cortex-A designs in order to to further optimize the Cortex-A design (in terms of PPA) for certain markets or workloads/
  • Cortex-R - Real-time processors. Designed for real-time operating systems with very deterministic behavior. Those cores are typically less powerful than the A series and are used for things such as controllers, factory equipment, medical devices, and other machines.
  • Cortex-M - Microcontrollers. Designed for ultra-low power, typically small factor and low-performance systems. Those are found in cost-sensitive devices and electronics, automated systems, and many other embedded devices.

Cores

See also: Neoverse and Zen

Cortex-A

Year Low-power Performance
2005 Cortex-A8 (Tiger)
2006
2007 Cortex-A9 (Falcon)
2008
Ultra-low power Mainstream-performance High-efficiency High-performance
2009 Cortex-A5 (Sparrow)
2010 Cortex-A15 (Eagle)
2011 Cortex-A7 (Kingfisher)
2012 Cortex-A53 (Apollo) Cortex-A57 (Atlas)
2013 Cortex-A12 (Owl)
2014 Cortex-A17 (Owll)
2015 Cortex-A35 (Mercury) Cortex-A72 (Maia)
2016 Cortex-A32 (Minerva) Cortex-A73 (Artemis)
2017 Cortex-A55 (Ananke) Cortex-A75 (Prometheus)
2018 Cortex-A65 (Helios)
Cortex-A65AE (Helios-SL)		 Cortex-A76 (Enyo)
Cortex-A76AE (Enyo-SL)
2019 Cortex-A34 (Metis) Cortex-A77 (Deimos)
2020 Cortex-A78 (Hercules)
Cortex-A78AE (Hercules-AE)
Cortex-A78C (Hera Prime)
2021 Cortex-A510 (Klein) Cortex-A710 (Matterhorn)
2022 Cortex-A715 (Makalu)
2023 Cortex-A520 (Hayes) Cortex-A720 (Hunter)
2024 Cortex-A520AE
(Hayes-AE)		 Cortex-A720AE (Hunter-AE)
Cortex-A725 (Chaberton)
2025 Cortex-A320 (IoT & AI ) Cortex-A530 (Nevis) Cortex-A730 (Gelas)

Cortex-M

Year Core
2004 Cortex-M3 (Sandcat)
2005
2006
2007 Cortex-M1 (Proteus)
2008
2009 Cortex-M0 (Swift)
2010 Cortex-M4 (Merlin)
2011
2012 Cortex-M0+ (Flycatcher)
2013
2014 Cortex-M7 (Pelican)
2015
2016 Cortex-M23 (Grebe)
Cortex-M33 (Teal)
2017
2018 Cortex-M35P (Tahan)
2019
2020 Cortex-M55 (Yamin)
2021
2022 Cortex-M85 (Helium)
2023 Cortex-M52
2024
2025

Cortex-R

Year Core
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 Cortex-R4(F)
(Serval-E)
2011 Cortex-R5(F)
Cortex-R7(F)
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016 Cortex-R8(F)
Cortex-R52(F)
2017
2018
2019
2020 Cortex-R82(F) (64-bit)
2021
2022 Cortex-R52+(F)
2023
2024 Cortex-R82AE (64-bit)
2025

Cortex-X

Year Core
2020 Cortex-X1 (Hera)
Cortex-X1C (Hera-C)
2021 Cortex-X2
(Matterhorn-ELP)
2022 Cortex-X3 (Makalu-ELP)
2023 Cortex-X4 (Hunter-ELP)
2024 Cortex-X5 (Chaberton-ELP)
Cortex-X925 (Blackhawk)
2025 Cortex-X930 (Travis)

Neoverse

Year Core
2019 Neoverse E1 (Helios)
Neoverse N1 (Ares)
2020 Neoverse V1 (Zeus)
2021 Neoverse E2 (Genesis)
Neoverse N2 (Perseus)
2022 Neoverse V2 (Demeter)
2023 Neoverse E3 (Aphrodite)
Neoverse N3 (Hermes)
Neoverse V3 (Poseidon)
2024 Neoverse V3AE
Neoverse VN
2025 Neoverse E4 (Lycius)
Neoverse N4 (Dionysus)
Neoverse V4 (Adonis)

Specifications

Cortex-A

Year Microarchitecture Versions ISA Decoder Out-of-order
execution buffer		 ALU/FPU/LSU L1 Cache (KiB)
I (Instruction) + D (Data)		 Performance
(per clock)
Little Core target
2014 Cortex-A53 ARMv8.0-A 2-wide unsupported 2/1/1 8/64 + 8/64 82
2017 Cortex-A55 ARMv8.2-A 2-wide unsupported 2/2/2 16/64 + 16/64 89
2021 Cortex-A510 ARMv9.0-A 3-wide unsupported 3/2*/2 32/64 + 32/64 -
2023 Cortex-A520 ARMv9.2-A 3-wide unsupported 2/2*/2 32/64 + 32/64 -
2025 Cortex-A530 ARMv9.2-A 3-wide unsupported // + -
Big/Middle Core target
2014 Cortex-A57 ARMv8.0-A 3-wide 128 2/2/2 48 + 32 127
2015 Cortex-A72 ARMv8.0-A 3-wide 128 2/2/2 48 + 32 147
2016 Cortex-A73 ARMv8.0-A 2-wide 128 2/2/2 64 + 32 157
2017 Cortex-A75 ARMv8.2-A 3-wide 128 2/3/2 64 + 64 177
2018 Cortex-A76 ARMv8.2-A 4-wide 128 3/2/2 64 + 64 265
2019 Cortex-A77 ARMv8.2-A 4-wide 160 4/2/2 64 + 64 306
2020 Cortex-A78 ARMv8.2-A 4-wide 160 4/2/3 32/64 + 32/64 325
2021 Cortex-A710 ARMv9.0-A 4-wide - // 32/64 + 32/64 -
2022 Cortex-A715 ARMv9.0-A 5-wide 192 // 32/64 + 32/64 -
2023 Cortex-A720 ARMv9.2-A 5-wide - // 32/64 + 32/64 -
2024 Cortex-A725 ARMv9.2-A 5-wide - // 32/64 + 32/64 -
2025 Cortex-A730 ARMv9.2-A 5-wide - // + -

Comparison

"LITTLE" core
Microarchitecture Cortex-A53 Cortex-A55 Cortex-A510 Cortex-A520 Cortex-A530
Codename Apollo Ananke Klein Hayes Nevis
Peak clock speed 2.3 GHz 2.1 GHz 2.0 GHz 2.0 GHz -
Architecture ARMv8.0-A ARMv8.2-A ARMv9.0-A ARMv9.2-A ARMv9.2-A
AArch 32-bit and 64-bit 64-bit
L1 (I + D) (KiB) 8/64 + 8/64 KiB 16/64 + 16/64 KiB 32/64 + 32/64 KiB -
L2 Cache (KiB) 0–256 KiB 0–512 KiB -
L3 Cache (MiB) - 0–4 MiB 0–16 MiB 0–32 MiB -
Decode width 2-way 3-way 3-way (2 ALU) -
Dispatch 8 Mops/cycle - - -
"big" core
Microarchitecture Cortex-A77 Cortex-A78 Cortex-A710 Cortex-A715 Cortex-A720 Cortex-A725 Cortex-A730
Codename Deimos Hercules Matterhorn Makalu Hunter Chaberton Gelas
Peak clock speed 2.6 GHz ~3.0 GHz - -
Architecture ARMv8.2-A ARMv9.0-A ARMv9.2-A ARMv9.2-A
AArch - 32-bit and 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit
Max In-flight 2x 160 2x 160 ? 2x 192+ [1] ? - -
L0 (Mops entries) - 1536 0 - -
L1 (I + D) (KiB) 64 + 64 KiB 32/64 + 32/64 KiB 64 + 64 KiB -
L2 Cache (KiB) 256–512 KiB 128–512 KiB 0.25–1 MiB [2] -
L3 Cache (MiB) 0–4 MiB 0–8 MiB 0–16 MiB 0–32 MiB [3] -
Decode width 4-way 5-way -
Dispatch 6 Mops/cycle 5 Mops/cycle ? - -

Cortex-X

"Prime" core
Microarchitecture Cortex-X1 (C) Cortex-X2 Cortex-X3 Cortex-X4 Cortex-X5 Cortex-X925 Cortex-X930
Codename Hera (-C) Matterhorn-ELP Makalu-ELP Hunter-ELP Chaberton-ELP Blackhawk Travis /Alto
Peak clock speed 3.0 GHz 3.0 GHz 3.3 GHz 3.4 GHz - - 3.8 GHz 4.2 GHz
Architecture ARMv8.2-A ARMv9.0-A ARMv9.2-A ARMv9.4-A
AArch 32/64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit
Max in-flight 2x 224 [4] 2x 288 2x 320 2x 384 - - 2x 768 [5] -
L0 (Mops entries) 3072 [6] 1536 0 [7] - - - -
L1 (I + D) (KiB) 64 + 64 KiB 64 + 64 KiB - - 64 + 64 KiB -
L2 Cache (KiB) 0.25–1 MiB 0.5–2 MiB - - 2–3 MiB -
L3 Cache (MiB) 0–8 MiB 0–16 MiB 0–32 MiB -
Decode width 5-way 6-way 10-way -
Dispatch 8 Mops/cycle 10 Mops/cycle -

Part numbers

ARM • 0x41
Part number Microarchitecture
0x926 ARM926EJ-S
0xb02 MPCore
0xb36 ARM1136J-S
0xb56 ARM1156T2-S
0xb76 ARM1176JZ-S
0xc05 Cortex-A5
0xc07 Cortex-A7
0xc08 Cortex-A8
0xc09 Cortex-A9
0xc0f Cortex-A15
0xc0e Cortex-A17
0xc20 Cortex-M0
0xc23 Cortex-M3
0xc24 Cortex-M4
0xc27 Cortex-M7
0xd20 Cortex-M23
0xd21 Cortex-M33
0xd24 Cortex-M52
0xd22 Cortex-M55
0xd23 Cortex-M85
0xc18 Cortex-R8
0xd13 Cortex-R52
0xd16 Cortex-R52+
0xd15 Cortex-R82
0xd14 Cortex-R82AE
0xd02 Cortex-A34
0xd04 Cortex-A35
0xd03 Cortex-A53
0xd05 Cortex-A55
0xd07 Cortex-A57
0xd06 Cortex-A65
0xd43 Cortex-A65AE
0xd08 Cortex-A72
0xd09 Cortex-A73
0xd0a Cortex-A75
0xd0b Cortex-A76
0xd0e Cortex-A76AE
0xd0d Cortex-A77
0xd41 Cortex-A78
0xd42 Cortex-A78AE
0xd4b Cortex-A78C
0xd46 Cortex-A510
0xd80 Cortex-A520
0xd88 Cortex-A520AE
0xd47 Cortex-A710
0xd4d Cortex-A715
0xd81 Cortex-A720
0xd89 Cortex-A720AE
0xd87 Cortex-A725
0xd44 Cortex-X1
0xd4c Cortex-X1C
0xd48 Cortex-X2
0xd4e Cortex-X3
0xd82 Cortex-X4
0xd85 Cortex-X925
0xd4a Neoverse E1
0xd0c Neoverse N1
0xd49 Neoverse N2
0xd8e Neoverse N3
0xd40 Neoverse V1
0xd4f Neoverse V2
0xd84 Neoverse V3
0xd83 Neoverse-V3AE

See also

References

  1. ↑ Arm introduces Cortex-A715. WikiChip Fuse. 2022-06-28. 
  2. ↑ Arm launches next gen big core Cortex-A725. WikiChip Fuse. 2024-05-29. 
  3. ↑ Arm introduces a new big core Cortex-A720. WikiChip Fuse. 2023-05-28. 
  4. ↑ Schor, David (2020-05-26). Arm Cortex-X1: The First From The Cortex-X Custom Program. WikiChip Fuse. 
  5. ↑ https://www.androidauthority.com/arm-cortex-x925-g925-explained-3445480/
  6. ↑ Arm's New Cortex-A78 and Cortex-X1 Microarchitectures: An Efficiency and Performance Divergence. www.anandtech.com. 
  7. ↑ Arm Cortex-X4, A720, and A520: 2024 smartphone CPUs deep dive. Android Authority. 
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